Grid Conditions in Spain and Portugal
Spain and Portugal have interconnected power grids, but their connections to external sources are limited. The primary external power inputs are small links from France and Morocco, which could facilitate the restoration of plant operations following a blackout. Notably, both nations benefit from substantial hydropower resources, with hydropower meeting approximately 10 percent of Spain’s energy demand and 25 percent of Portugal’s. This is beneficial for restoring operations, as hydroelectric plants require minimal external power to initiate function.
Both countries have also made significant strides in renewable energy. In particular, Portugal sources about half of its electricity from wind and hydropower and has phased out its last coal plant as of 2021. Conversely, Spain currently derives around 40 percent of its energy from renewable sources.
While solar energy is not ideally suited for restarting the grid due to its intermittent availability throughout the day, the direct current generated from solar panels can be converted to match the alternating current of the grid. This conversion technology can help stabilize frequencies when repowering grid sections. Additionally, in regions with strong wind resources, wind turbines can provide initial power to other facilities, although it remains uncertain if the local wind infrastructure can support black starts, or if current weather conditions will be conducive for such operations.
Batteries represent another potential resource for supporting grid restoration. Their ability to supply direct current allows for frequency conversion, making them suitable for both restarting power plants and stabilizing electricity as various sections of the grid are activated. However, both Spain and Portugal have yet to implement significant amounts of grid-scale battery storage, though this is set to change in the coming years alongside a substantial increase in solar energy generation. At present, the lack of battery capacity limits their immediate assistance.
The task ahead for grid operators in Spain and Portugal is formidable. The projections suggesting several days for a return to normalcy underscore the complexity of the challenge they face; failure to navigate this situation effectively could leave the power infrastructure in disarray.
